THE CAUSES AND MECHANISMS OF ADDRESSING SYSTEMIC INEQUALITIES IN HIGHER EDUCATION: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

This systematic literature review explores the causes of systemic inequalities in higher education and the mechanisms used globally to address them through affirmative action (AA) policies. Drawing from 20 studies published between 2014 and 2024, the review synthesizes findings across diverse national contexts including India, Brazil, the United States, Canada, Nepal, and European countries. The analysis identifies historical discrimination, structural inequities, institutional biases, and political resistance as key drivers of educational disparities. Caste-based exclusion in India, race based barriers in the U.S., income gaps in Brazil, and geographic disadvantages in Nepal are among the persistent challenges that affirmative action seeks to mitigate. Mechanisms such as quota systems, holistic admissions, financial aid, and policy harmonization have shown effectiveness but face implementation hurdles due to misalignment, stigma, or legal constraints. The study emphasizes the importance of intersectional approaches, public awareness campaigns, and long-term support structures beyond admissions to ensure equitable access and inclusion. It also highlights the need for data-driven policy refinement and context-specific strategies to strengthen affirmative action’s impact. While affirmative action remains a vital tool for promoting equity in higher education, its success depends on strong enforcement, political will, and complementary interventions. Future research should focus on non-Western models, longitudinal assessments, and global policy coordination to enhance inclusivity and meritocratic outcomes.